An important objective of a conceptual framework is to depict clearly the desired programme and population outcomes targeted by interventions and the main paths of influence that connect the pertinent actions as shown in the figure on page 5. A conceptual framework for reproductive health helps those involved in programme design, management and implementation to select the appropriate input, process, output and impact indicators to monitor and evaluate whether and how these interventions have helped to achieve RH objectives.

A. Input indicators

In a reproductive health programme, specific interventions directed at achieving the desired outcomes need to be supported by a conducive environment, where policies and organizational resources are in place. The inputs needed to meet the desired implementing processes are resources and the policy environment. Resources include manpower, material and financial resources. Policies and administrative procedures include national policies and legislation with regard to reproductive health to create an enabling environment for the effective implementation of activities. RH indicators directed at policies and administrative issues are designed to show whether the enabling national policy conditions and guidelines are in place to support appropriate RH interventions. All these policy indicators require qualitative information on the existence of policy statements or legislation in support of RH goals.

B. Process indicators

Implementation of RH activities is the process through which the desired interventions are carried out to achieve programme outputs. The process indicators of reproductive health address operational issues and questions that can be answered with programme level data and measures. The indicators may enable policy makers and programme managers to assess and improve RH services so that clients can achieve their reproductive health intentions.
C. Output indicators

If the activities of a RH programme are implemented as desired, then the resulting outputs should contribute to achieving expected impacts. The output indicators of a RH programme are knowledge of RH, utilization of RH services and prevalence of contraception, etc.

D. Impact indicators

The effect of RH intervention introduced through programme activities and the resulting outputs must have an impact on the population. Therefore, the outcomes of a programme must be eventually measured at the population level. The impact indicators that measure changes at the population level are fertility, mortality and morbidity rates.