Shandong |
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I. Basic Data |
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1. Name: Shandong Province 2. Area: 156,700 square kilometers 3. Population: 90.79 million (2000 population census) 4. Provincial Capital: Jinan City 5. Geography: Shandong Province is located along China's eastern coast and is in the lower Yellow River area. It is between the Huabei and Huadong areas. Shandong is located between 34° 23'N - 38° 24'N latitude and 114.48° 48'E - 122° 42'E longitude, and has a temperate humid climate. It borders on Hebei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu; it is a communication hub on China's coastline. 6. Natural Resources: Most (65%) of the province' s land is composed of plains and low-lying land; the remaining 35% is mountainous or hilly land. Natural lakes total 1,500 square kilometers in size, and forests cover 20% of the province. There are a few thousand types of useful organisms in Shandong. Its marine resources are very rich. It is one of the country' s major energy resource bases; 128 types of minerals have already been found and 30 types are economically important in China, such as gold, natural sulfur and gypsum. It ranks first in China in these and second in terms of oil, diamonds and magnesite. Also another 20 types of minerals including coal, natural gas and iron ore, rank tenth in importance nationally. 7. Economy: In 2000, the gross domestic product of Shandong was 854.244 billion Yuan, and the per capita gross domestic product was 9,555 Yuan. Total imports and exports were 24.99 billion US dollars; total provincial government revenue was 46.37 billion Yuan; yield of grain 38.377 million tons, per capita yield of grain was 422 kg. Agriculture makes a very important contribution to the provincial economy, the percentage of reclaimed and cultivated wasteland is 60%. The main industrial crops are cotton, peanuts, tobacco and flax; and sideline production includes mainly weaving, and wild plant and herb collection. The offshore area is teeming with fish, crabs and kelp, and the province is one of China's major sea fisheries. 8. People's life: In 2000, the total wages of staff and workers was 69,510 million Yuan. The per capita net income of rural residence was 2,659 Yuan. The average wage of staff and workers was 87,72 Yuan, and the per capita annual disposable income of urban households was 6,490 Yuan. The per capita living floor space was 13.75 m2 for urban areas and 23.61 m2 for rural areas. The gross retail sales of social consumer goods was 254.6 billion Yuan. The number of hospital beds was 214,800 thousand, and then number of doctors was 314,700 thousand. 9. Education: Since the reforms of 1979, the development of Shandong' s higher education institutions became faster, the structure of middle schools was rearranged, and the quality of education was made the key of the reform process. By the end of 2000, there were 58 higher education institutions in Shandong Province, with the number of students enrolled being 303,826 and teachers 54,910; 4,475 secondary schools had 6,786,003 students enrolled and teachers 430,745; the province's 26,017 primary schools had 7,748,822 students and 440,161 teachers. |
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II. Population Situation |
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1. Size and Distribution The total population of Shandong Province in 2000 was 90.79 million, which was the second largest in China, only less than Henan province. The population in the west and south was greater than elsewhere. The population density in inland areas increased faster than in coastal areas; this trend has led to greater imbalances in population distribution between inland and coastal areas. 2. Population History Since the founding of the People's Republic, the process of population development in Shandong has had various features, with the development in every period being different. 1949 - 1958 was a period of rapid increase in the total population with an annual rate of 1.97%. 1959 - 1961 was a period of negative growth of the total population with an annual rate of -0.99%. 1962 - 1972 was a period of rapid increase in total population with the annual rate of increase being 2.19%. This period was the second peak of population growth. 1973 - 1990, the speed of increase slowed down to the annual rate of 1.34%, and the province entered its third peak of population growth. The pattern of population reproduction experienced a transition from the traditional to a transition stage, and eventually modern pattern. 3. Population Structure by Sex and Age From the first national census to the fourth national census (1953 - 1990), the sex ratio of Shandong Province increased gradually. Today, it is about 103. The age distribution changed from being a young population in the 1950s and 1960s, to an adult population in the 1980s, moving toward becoming an old population in the 1990s. In 2000, the population aged 0 - 14 accounted for 20.85% of the total; the 15 - 64 population made up 71.12% of the total and the population aged 65 and above made up the remaining 8.03% of the total. 4. Fertility Level and Changes Since 1949, women' s fertility declined greatly. The total fertility rate decreased from 5.43 children per woman in the 1950s to below the replacement level in the 1990s. The birth rate of Shandong was 10.75 per 1,000 and natural increase rate was 4.46 per 1,000 in 2000. According to population projections in four scenarios, the population of Shandong will still increase in the next 30 years, but it is possible that the total population will not go beyond 100 million. 5. Mortality and Life Expectancy Since 1949, the mortality in Shandong underwent five phases: the high mortality period; abnormal rise period; quick decrease period; gradual decrease period and low mortality period. The curve of mortality changed from a U-shaped to J-shaped pattern and it was 6.29 per 1,000 in 2000. Mortality is different between rural and urban areas. In general, the mortality of rural areas is higher than urban areas. The proportion of deaths in the low age groups decreased but increased in the high age groups. The median age at death of the population is becoming older and the population dying is made up of more males than females. Shandong's life expectancy became longer gradually, with the annual rate of increase being 1.6 years; it went beyond 70 years of age in the 1990s. 6. Marriage Status, Family Size and Type In Shandong Province, marriage is stable and the divorce rate is very low. The general age of the married population has tended to be older since the 1980s. The remarriage rate of divorced males is lower than divorced females. The size of the family household decreased while the number of households increased; smaller families have taken the place of larger families. Family size is larger in remote regions and less-developed areas than in urban and developed areas. According to the fifth population census in 2000, the average family size was 3.21 in Shandong Province, but in the third population census in 1982 and the forth population census in 1990, the data was 4.20 and 3.75. 7. Aging of the Population Population aging of Shandong Province started when it was less developed and population growth has not been controlled completely. Its family planning policy has had a great effect on population aging. In different areas, the aging process started at different times. Shandong' s population aged rapidly, but the aging level is low. In 1990, the population aged 60 and above made up 9.43% of the total population. According to projections, the process of aging will be slow in the period 1990 - 2013, very fast in 2014 - 2038, and stable in 2039 - 2090. In the future, the aging level of Shandong will be lower than in developed countries elsewhere in the world; the speed of aging will be faster than some developed countries; the dependency ratio will be low prior to 2030. 8. Population Quality The education level of the Shandong population has improved greatly and the illiteracy rate has decreased since reform. In 1990, the illiteracy rate was 16.87%, but in 2000, it was 8.46%, lower 8.41%. The average years of schooling increased. The education level of the employed population improved very much. In Shandong, the education level distribution is less satisfactory; industrial workers' education level does not meet the demands of modern production; the education level of different regions is different, with urban areas having higher levels than rural areas; moreover, the difference in education level between regions is enlarging. The attendance rate of school-age children was 99.78% in 2000. 9. Migration and the Floating Population Shandong became a net in-migration province after having been a net out-migration province following reform, because of the "pull" effect of socio-economic improvements in Shandong. The number of migrants in Shandong Province will increase in the future; people will migrate mainly from rural to urban areas; and the proportion of migration that is caused by marriage will decrease. 10. Population, Resources and the Environment Because it has large population, Shandong Province's resources per capita are inferior. The land of Shandong has degenerated greatly, and the quality of its land has declined. Floods threaten two river areas; the land of coastal areas is weathered gravely by seawater. Though environmental problems have been taken care of to some extent, water pollution, air pollution and noise pollution are still very serious; and daily garbage leads to some pollution, too. |
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III. Family Planning |
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History Period of family planning preparation (1956 - 1961) The work of fertility regulation started in March 1953. In July 1957, the Fertility Control Committee of Shandong Province was founded. The Publicity and Education Group, Organization and Promotion Group, and Research Group were set up under the Committee. Maternal and Child Health Department was put in charge of the daily work of fertility regulation. In 1959~1961, the regular work of fertility regulation was discontinued. Period of family planning initiation (1962 - 1969) In February 1962, the Fertility Control Committee was renamed the Provincial Family Planning Commission. In 1963, the Family Planning Office under the Commission was established; similar organizations were set up in the local government; some family planning regulations were issued; fertility regulation work developed to a certain degree. In February 1964, Maternal and Child Health Care Stations were founded in each of nine special districts. In this period, the work of family planning put emphasis on rural areas. Publicity methods adopted were general education and specific education combined, lectures and real examples were given during education, ideology and problem-solving combined, education took place in both work units and in society. The family planning work was interrupted again by the "Cultural Revolution" in 1966. Period of carrying out family planning on a large scale (1970 - 1978). Population growth control has been put into the national economic and social development plan from the beginning of the fourth five-year plan. Family planning was implemented in terms of organization, policy, and technical practice. Family planning publicity was carried out extensively. In 1976, family planning education was made a part of the Party School and Middle School courses. Period of intense implementation (1978 to present) Shandong revised and perfected family planning regulations; published the Regulation of Family Planning and put it into practice; put forward "three emphases"; strengthened the management of family planning technology and research work; organized international exchange and cooperation. Major Achievements
The annual increase rate of Shandong's population is 1.42%, 0.38 percentage point lower than the national average. The birth rate has dropped from 31.7 per 1,000 in the 1950s to 10.75 per 1,000 in 2000.
The pattern of population reproduction has been changed greatly because the birth rate has decreased greatly. The population in Shandong started to become an adult population. Population reproduction has changed from a pattern of high fertility, low mortality, and high natural increase in the 1950s to low fertility, low mortality, and low natural increase rates currently.
People' s ideas of marriage and fertility have been changed with the publicity and education program of family planning. The new idea that "later marriage, and later, fewer and healthier births" is forming. Annual investment in family planning is 55.62 million yuan on average. The socio-economic effectiveness of fertility regulation has improved. Employment problems, housing problems, traffic problems and education problems have been alleviated because the family planning work developed deeply and population increase has been brought under control.
From 1980, the Provincial Government and Family Planning Commission organized experience and technology exchanges and cooperative activity with international organizations and other countries. There were four international projects carried out in Shandong from 1983 to 1993, which improved family planning work within the province. |
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