Jilin |
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I. Basic Data |
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1. Name: Jilin Province 2. Area: 187,400 square kilometers 3. Population: 27.28 million 4. Capital: Changchun 5. Geography: Located in the northeastern part of China between 121° 38'- 131° 19' east longitude and 42° 52' -46° 10' north latitude. Jilin borders the far eastern region of the Russian Federation and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the east while being bordered by Liaoning to the south, Heilongjiang to the north and Inner Mongolia to the west. Jilin has a continental monsoon climate. Minority groups in this province include Korean, Man, Hui and Mongolian people. 6. Natural Resources: Jilin is abundant in forest resources. As one of the major forest areas in China, Changbai Mountain Area produces top grade pine trees and is the source of various precious traditional Chinese herbs such as ginseng, and pilose antler as well as native products such as mushrooms and fungi, and rare animal breeds. The province is also rich in mineral resources such as coal, iron, copper and gold which are widely dispersed throughout the province. 7. Economy: In 2000, the GDP of Jilin totaled RMB 182 billion, with the per capita total being RMB 6,842. Provincial financial revenue on whole items budget in general finished RMB 18.402 billion, of which local public financial income was RMB 10.382 billion. Provincial general fiscal expenditure was RMB 26.067 billion. Total value of fixed assets reached RMB 58.31 billion. One of the most economically important provinces, Jilin is also one of the main commodity grain producers in China. In 2000, total agricultural output value was RMB 59.77 billion and total grain output 32.76 billion jin. Industry is a major economic sector in Jilin. In 2000, scale-over enterprises completed industrial added value of RMB 49.89 billion, rose by 13.8% compared with 1999 by calculated in comparable price. The Changchun-based First Automobile Works (FAW) is one of China's most important automobile manufacturers. However, because of its relatively short history of economic development, the province faces austere social and economic pressures caused by rapid population growth and uneven economic development. 8. People's life: By the end of 2000, Jilin had employment of 11.6402 million persons, 440.1 thousand persons more than that by the end of last year. The province in the year has 71.2 thousand laid-off workers at state-owned enterprises, who were re-employed, the rate of re-employment reached 15.7%. The average wage of staff and workers on the job was RMB 7,924. By a sampling survey, annual disposable per capita income of residents in cities and towns was RMB 4,810, consumer per capita expenditure RMB 4,020.84. Because of a heavy drought, annual per capita net income of farmers was RMB 2,022.50, per capita expenditure on life consumption RMB 1,553.35. Per capita housing area in city was 11.23 square meters; the area in countryside 17.72 square meters. By the end of 2000, the Province had 3,323 healthy institutions, 83,400 beds in total. The number of professional medical workers came to 132 thousand. 9. Education: In 2000, there were 35 institutions of higher learning in Jilin with a faculty of 41,813 and combined enrollment of 175,288; 2,034 secondary schools with 144,046 teachers and 1,677,454 students; 9,435 primary schools with 173,182 teachers and 2,415,858 pupils. In terms of educational level, the number of people with a college education increased the fastest, followed by those with a junior or senior high school diploma. The number of people with a primary school education grew the slowest and their proportion is dropping in relation to the total population. According to the data of 2000 population census, the illiterate population was 1.25 million and the illiterate rate was 4.57%. Generally speaking, however, the province remains underdeveloped educationally, especially in terms of higher education. Great disparities exist between women and men, between urban and rural areas, and between different regions. These were the main factors affecting educational and economic development of the province. |
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II. Population Situation |
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1. Size and Distribution The total population of Jilin in 2000 was 27.28 million, ranking it 21st in China. Population distribution was uneven. In general, the central area of the Songhua River Basin is more densely populated than the eastern and western parts of the region. Forty-four different ethnic groups live in the province. 2. Population History Jilin's population evolved through five stages. The first, 1949 - 1959, saw a net increase of 3.045 million (an annual increase rate of 2.67%), with uneven distribution. The second, 1960 - 1973, witnessed an increase in the total population, topping 20 million in 1973 (an annual growth rate of 2.83%). The third period, 1974 - 1979, total growth slowed down (1.2 - 1.6%), increasing by 279,000 annually. The fourth period, 1983 - 1990, was marked by moderate growth (1.29%), with an annual increase of 305,000. The fifth period, 1991 - 1997, saw a yearly growth of 170,000 with the average rate of increase being 0.81%. Throughout the 1990s, its population has continued growing although at slower rates, eventually reaching an all-time low. 3. Population Structure by Sex and Age The sex ratio of Jilin has steadily decreased since 1949 toward a balanced level. Between 1949 and 1961, that ratio stood at over 110; from 1962 to1970, it dropped to 107 - 109; from 1971 to 1990 it undulated between 104 to 106; and between 1991 and 1997, it remained steady. According to sampling survey statistics, the ratio in 1997 was 103.77. The 2000 population census showed the sex ratio was 104.92. In terms of age structure, according to the 1990 census, the proportion of low age groups in Jilin declined while that of working-age groups increased, as did women of childbearing age and the aged. These statistics indicate that Jilin has evolved into an "adult" society. Sampling survey statistics also show that, in 1997, children (aged 0 - 14) accounted for 20.88% of the total population while the aged made up 6.20%. In other words, the aged-youth ratio was 29.67% and total dependency ratio was 37.13% (28.63% for the young and 8.50% for the aged). These data suggest that the dependency ratios of both the young and aged were at tolerable levels, conducive to economic development and the betterment of the people's living standard. According to the 2000 population census, population aged 0 - 14 was 5.17 million, accounted for 18.96% of the total; aged 15 - 64 was 20.51 million, 75.19% of the total; aged 65 and above was 1.60 million, 5.85% of the total. 4. Fertility Level and Changes In 1949, the newly born population in Jilin was 321,000; in 1989, that figure was 459,000. Over those four decades, a total of 19.117 million people were born (478,000 births annually). The birth rate in 1989 was 18.81 per 1,000, compared with 31.84 per 1,000 in 1949; 48.39 per 1,000 in 1954 (the highest) and 11.84 per 1,000 in 1984 (the lowest). The sampling survey of demographic change put the newly born population in 1997 at 320,000, representing a birth rate of 12.22 per 1,000 and a natural increase rate of 0.68 per 1,000. Throughout the 1990s, the total number of births has decreased annually along with the natural increase rate -- less than 7 per 1,000 since 1995. In 1997, both the birth rate and natural increase rate hit an all-time low. The 2000 population census showed the birth rate was 10.31 per 1,000 and the rate of natural increase was 4.46 per 1,000. By various estimates, the population of Jilin will continue to grow in the next 10 years, peaking at 26.164 million by 2010. 5. Mortality and Life Expectancy Changes in mortality and life expectancy have occurred throughout five periods. In the first period, 1949 - 1954, the mortality rate dropped from 30 per 1,000 in the pre-1949 years to 12.9 per 1,000 in 1949 and 10.4 per 1,000 in 1954. The second period, 1955 - 1958, witnessed little change in mortality (hovering around 9 per 1,000). The third period, 1959 - 1964, saw dramatic fluctuations, with the mortality rate bouncing back to 13.4 per 1,000 in 1959, dropping to 9.4 per 1,000 in 1963 and rising again to 12.6 per 1,000 in 1964. The fourth period, 1965 - 1968, saw the mortality rate around 9 per 1,000. The last period, 1969 - 1990, witnessed a relatively low mortality rate from 6.1 to 6.7 per 1,000. By 1997, the rate further dropped to 5.42 per 1,000 and it will continue to fall in the future. The fifth population census in 2000 showed that the death rate was 5.85 per 1,000. Average life expectancy, on the contrary, grew by 17.73 years from 1958 to 1989, with the annual increase being 0.57. By 1990, average life expectancy across the province reached 68.51 years (67.16 for males and 70.11 for females). 6. Marriage Status, Family Size and Type Data of the sampling survey reveal that in 1997, 75.76% of those aged 15 and above had a spouse and 17.97% were single, with the divorce rate being a mere 1.29%. Compared with 1996, the ratio of people with spouses increased while that of both unmarried and divorced people decreased. This indicates that most of the marital relationships in Jilin were stable. The number of households increased rapidly, reaching 748,800 in 1997. However, family size was decreasing, averaging 3.37, 3.32 in 2000. This is due largely to the increase in one-child families. The family planning program has reduced the traditional extended family to nuclear families. 7. Aging of the Population During the first and second national censuses, Jilin saw an annual increase of 16,900 in the number of people aged 60 and over. That figure rose to 31,100 annually during the second and third national censuses and to 45,200 during the third and fourth censuses. The growth of the elderly population was faster than that of the total population. The total population increased 1.18 times during the 37-year period from 1953 to 1990 with an average growth rate of 1.9% while the population aged 60 and over increased 1.63 times during the same period, with a growth rate of 2.65%. The proportion of the aged population to the total population rose from 6.01% in 1953 to 7.24% in 1990, with an increase of 1.23 percentage points, to 6.2% in 1997, lower than the national average. The sex ratio of the elderly population in the province was higher than the national average, and the age structure was younger than the national average, with a high rate of illiteracy. It is predicted that the aging of the population may slow down from 1990 to 2000, but from 2000 to 2010, the aging process will speed up, and from 2010 to 2040 it will further gain momentum, with the elderly population reaching 5.618 million. Therefore, the province will face a dual pressure from total population growth and an aging population. 8.Migration and the Floating Population According to the fourth national census in 1990, the emigration rate of Jilin was higher than the national level while the immigration rate was lower. In 1997, for the first time the immigration rate (21.36 per 1,000) outstripped the emigration rate (19.46 per 1,000). Most migrants move from counties to cities. In 1982, the floating population was 588,400. By 1990, the proportion of migrants to total population rose from 1.2% to 2.07%, higher than the national level. However, the growth in the migration rate was lower than the national level. About 45% of the migrants move to Changchun and Jilin, and women and rural households are more inclined to migrate than men and urban households. |
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III. Family Planning |
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Jilin's family planning program has evolved through five stages: Introduction of program in the 1950s: As evidence of excessive population growth, the province's birth rate in 1954 was as high as 48.38 per 1,000. To bring that rate down, the provincial government issued "instructions on contraception" and began to provide publicity and services under the program. That campaign came to a halt, however, because of criticism directed at Ma Yinchu's population theory after 1958. Implementation and setback in the 1960s: The Jilin Provincial Birth Control Committee was officially formed in May 1963. At the same time, the training of family planning professionals was stressed and different working systems were established. As a result, the urban fertility rate decreased markedly. Family planning programs were forced to stop again because of the Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966. Thus, population growth went out of control once again and the average birth rate of the whole province reached 38.54 per 1,000 from 1962 to 1970. Resumption and development in the 1970s: In 1970, the Jilin Revolutionary Committee released the "Report on Strengthening of the Family Planning Program". In 1971, Jilin family planning institutions were restored and in December 1974, a provincial family planning conference clearly pointed out that population growth must be well planned and incorporated within national economic development programs, and a fundamental guideline was also established at the conference that socialist constructions must be accompanied by family planning. That was a relatively big breakthrough in ideology. In 1974, the revolutionary committee issued the "Decision on Better Implementation of the Family Planning Program", putting forward clear requirements, and family planning policies and plans began to be made for population development. In September 1979, the province issued "Regulations Regarding Family Planning", in which late marriage, late and healthier births were encouraged and suggested one couple have one child. It was the first comprehensive regulations of its kind since family planning began to be practiced in Jilin Province. With the resumption and development of family planning in the 1970s, population growth in the whole province presented a declining pattern and the birth rate dropped to 13.89 per 1,000 in 1979. Therefore, the excessive growth of population was put under control from that time. Further development in the 1980s: In April 1983, the Jilin Family Planning Office was renamed as the Jilin Family Planning Committee. Large-scale family planning publicity campaigns were launched throughout the province during the first half of the 1980s. During the Sixth Five-year Plan period (1981 - 1985), annual population growth dropped by 21.4% from 347,519 in 1980 to 273,249 in 1985 while the natural increase rate decreased from 10.02 per 1,000 in 1980 to 6.59 per 1,000 in 1985. During the second half of the 1980s, leaders at all levels paid greater attention to family planning. Construction of family planning institutions at all levels was strengthened, and improvements were made in management and service capacities of family planning cadres and workers. A management system based on law was taking shape. Therefore, despite the third baby boom in 1986 - 1989, Jilin had fulfilled its population goals for the successive four years. The natural increase rate decreased steadily. Further improvement in the 1990s: Family planning work in Jilin entered a brand-new stage in the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1993, several publicity campaigns focusing on various aspects of the program had been conducted to promote the family planning work. During this period, the family planning program achieved great results in Jilin. The birth rate dropped from 19.47 per 1,000 in 1990, 15.28 per 1,000 in 1993 to 10.31 per 1,000 in 2000 and natural increase rate from 12.93 per 1,000, 8.97 per 1,000 to 4.46 per 1,000, fulfilling provincial goals for eight consecutive years. Overall, Jilin has made great achievements in family planning over the past 40 years. A fundamental change has been made in people's views on marriage and childbearing, and women's age at first marriage is rising. During 1971 - 1993, a total of 9.5 million births were averted. The momentum of excessive population growth was basically put under control, creating a relaxed environment for its socio-economic development and modernization. |
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