Development Papers, No. 21
"Integrating Environmental Considerations into Economic Policy Making:
Institutional Issues"
(ST/ESCAP/1990)

Contents

INTRODUCTION

I.	OVERALL CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNTRIES OF ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
	A.  Physical and economic characteristics
	B. Types of common environmental problems in Asia-Pacific countries

II.	APPROACHES TO GOVERNMENT POLICY TO INTEGRATE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
	A. Constitutions
	B. Legislation
	C. Development plans
	D. Development policy statements, strategies and visions
	E. Other policy statements
	F. Conclusion

III.	INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS IN COUNTRIES OF ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
	A. National institutions
	B. State or provincial institutions
	C. Local institutions
	D. Public and private sector participation
	E. Concluding remarks

IV.	INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR COORDINATION IN ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
	A. Overlap of interest
	B. Conflicts of interest
	C. Coordinating structure
	D. Issues
	E. Some suggestions for coordination

V.	MONITORING MECHANISMS IN COUNTRIES OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
	A. Nation wide assessment of the state of the environment
	B. Project or activity monitoring
	C. Environmental standards monitoring
	D. Monitoring structures

VI.	ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS IN COUNTRIES OF THE REGION
	A. Enforcement mechanisms
	B. Structures for enforcement
	C. Issues
	D. Some suggestions

VII.	THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENT AGREEMENTS
	A. Selected multilateral conventions and agreements
	B. Participation in negotiations
	C. Mechanisms used for implementing agreements
	D. Structures used for implementation of multilateral agreements
	E. Issues
	F. Some suggestions

VIII.

FUTURE CHALLENGES